{"id":350,"date":"2025-12-11T15:59:31","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T14:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/?page_id=350"},"modified":"2026-09-04T16:58:59","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T14:58:59","slug":"unified-reducity","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/startseite\/unified-reducity\/","title":{"rendered":"Solvent-Independent Unifying Reducity"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"[&amp;&gt;*]:bl-relative last:[&amp;&gt;*.bl-absolute]:bl-absolute [&amp;&gt;*]:bl-z-20 last:[&amp;&gt;*]:bl-z-10 bl-relative bl-overflow-x-clip [.wp-block-ufr-section_&amp;]:bl-overflow-x-visible bl-bg-transparent bl-text-inherit dark:bl-bg-transparent dark:bl-text-inherit alignfull wp-block-ufr-section has-global-padding is-content-justification-center is-layout-constrained wp-block-ufr-section-is-layout-constrained\">\n\n\t\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignfull size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/462\/2026\/09\/Unifying-Reducity-Scale-mit-MeCN-1024x256.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2148\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale can be treated as the thermodynamically well founded continuation of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale. All values on the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale (based on the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale) can be compared with each other in that the zero point of this scale is identical to the zero point of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale. Find more explanations under \u201cRemarks\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here you can find several redox systems, which of <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values we determined with our <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\">ILSB method<\/a> for a couple of solvents. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/iaac-apps.uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/redoxsystems_absolute_scale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click here to browse through a database containing several <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values of other redox systems that we have linked to them<\/a><\/strong>. There, you also can upload redox potential values that we can connect to the unified scale.<\/p>\n\n\n \n\n<div\n\tdata-role=\"tabs-wrapper\"\n\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\tdata-tab-vertical=\"\"\n\tclass=\"bl-@container\/tab-block\">\n\n\t\t<div class=\"bl-flex bl-flex-col \">\n\t\t<div class=\"\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"bl-bg-pure-white dark:bl-bg-identity-black bl-flex bl-overflow-visible bl-relative bl-z-30 bl-flex-nowrap bl-flex-row bl-justify-between\">\n\t<ul\n\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tabs-list\"\n\t\taria-expanded=\"false\"\n\t\tstyle=\"--tabNavFullWidth:100cqw;\"\n\t\tclass=\"bl-@container\/tabnav bl-pb-[1px] bl-z-0 @md\/tab-block:bl-pe-[var(--indicatorMargin)] bl-relative bl-group bl-list-none bl-ps-0\n\t\t\tbl-flex bl-flex-1 bl-flex-col aria-expanded:bl-flex-wrap bl-overflow-x-clip @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-row bl-my-0 bl-font-medium\n\t\t\t\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-overflow-x-scroll @md\/tab-block:bl-scrollbar-hide\">\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"bl-hidden @md\/tab-block:bl-hidden bl-w-full bl-border-b-2 @md\/tab-block:bl-border-b-transparent bl-border-b-identity-blue-60\">\n\t\t\t<button\n\t\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"collapse-tablist-button-mobile\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-underline bl-underline-offset-[5px] bl-decoration-[1px] hover:bl-decoration-[2px] bl-w-full bl-text-center bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px] bl-duration-[400ms]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\thide all tabs\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"true\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#protons\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tProtons\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#silver-ions\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tSilver Ions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#chloride-ions\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tChloride Ions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#ferrocenium-ions\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tFerrocenium Ions\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#overview-reducity\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tOverview\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#remarks\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tRemarks\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t<li\n\t\t\tdata-first-visible-tab=\"false\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-relative bl-overflow-visible bl-hyphens-manual\n\t\t\tbl-flex-grow-0 bl-flex-shrink-0\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:max-w-full\n\n\t\t\tafter:bl-hidden data-[active]:after:bl-block after:content-['']\n\t\t\tafter:bl-bg-identity-blue after:bl-absolute\n\t\t\tafter:-bl-bottom-[0px]\n\t\t\tafter:bl-h-[4px] after:bl-w-full\n\n\t\t\tbl-border-r-0 bl-border-r-identity-blue\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-block @md\/tab-block:before:bl-inline-block before:bl-content-[''] before:bl-self-stretch\n\t\t\tdata-[first-visible-tab='true']:before:bl-w-[calc(var(--tabNavFullWidth)-1px)] before:bl-w-full\n\t\t\t\t\t\tgroup-aria-expanded:before:bl-w-[100vw] before:bl-h-[2px] before:bl-bg-identity-blue-60\n\t\t\tbefore:bl-absolute before:bl-bottom-[1px]\n\n\t\t\tbl-w-full bl-hidden group-aria-expanded:bl-block\n\t\t\t@md\/tab-block:bl-w-auto @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-w-fit @md\/tab-block:bl-block @md\/tab-block:bl-flex-nowrap @md\/tab-block:bl-whitespace-nowrap @md\/tab-block:group-aria-expanded:bl-whitespace-normal\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdata-[search-result='false']:bl-hidden data-[search-result='false']:group-aria-expanded:bl-hidden\">\n\t\t\t<a\n\t\t\t\tdata-open-tab-index=\"6\"\n\t\t\t\thref=\"#calculate\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-text-center \t\t\t\t\tbl-inline-block bl-align-middle bl-w-full bl-h-full bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms] -bl-mt-[1px] bl-mb-[1px] bl-no-underline !-bl-outline-offset-[7px]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tCalculate\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<li class=\"bl-w-full @md\/tab-block:bl-hidden bl-border-b-2 @md\/tab-block:bl-border-b-transparent bl-border-b-identity-blue-60\">\n\t\t\t<button \n\t\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"expand-tablist-button-mobile\"\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"bl-underline bl-underline-offset-[5px] bl-decoration-[1px] hover:bl-decoration-[2px] bl-w-full bl-text-center bl-min-h-[44px] bl-py-[10px] @md\/tab-block:bl-py-[16px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-py-[18px] bl-px-[15px] bl-duration-[400ms]\n\t\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white hover:bl-bg-identity-blue-80 active:bl-bg-identity-blue hover:bl-text-pure-white active:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\t\tdark:hover:bl-bg-identity-yellow-40 dark:active:bl-bg-identity-yellow dark:hover:bl-text-identity-black dark:active:bl-text-identity-black bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\t\t\tshow all tabs\t\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<\/li>\n\t<\/ul>\n\t<span\n\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\tdata-tab-part=\"no-search-results-text\" \n\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden bl-my-[8px] bl-py-[2px] bl-px-[5px] @md\/tab-block:bl-my-[14px] @md\/tab-block:xl:bl-my-[16px] bl-mx-[15px] bl-bg-identity-rose bl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-identity-black bl-mb-[1px] bl-hyphens-manual\">\n\t\tSearch term not found.\t<\/span>\n\t\n\t<div class=\"bl-hidden @md\/tab-block:bl-flex bl-absolute bl-right-0 bl-ps-16 bl-pointer-events-none bl-h-[calc(100%-4px)] bl-bg-gradient-to-r bl-from-transparent bl-via-pure-white bl-to-pure-white dark:bl-via-identity-black dark:bl-to-identity-black\">\n\t\t<button\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"scroll-left-button\" \n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-min-w-[44px] bl-pointer-events-auto bl-min-h-[44px] bl-h-full bl-my-auto \n\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\tdisabled:bl-text-disabled hover:disabled:bl-text-disabled \n\t\t\t\tdark:disabled:bl-text-disabled dark:hover:disabled:bl-text-disabled\n\t\t\t\tdisabled:bl-cursor-not-allowed\n\t\t\t\thover:bl-text-identity-blue-80 dark:hover:bl-text-identity-yellow-40\n\t\t\t\tactive:bl-text-identity-blue dark:active:bl-text-identity-yellow\n\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms]\">\n\t\t\t<svg width=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 50\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\taria-label=\"chevron-left\" class=\"bl-inline bl-h-[40px] bl-w-auto\" role=\"img\">\n\t<title>chevron-left<\/title>\n\t<path d=\"M30 45L9.39394 24.9998L30 5\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"12\" \/>\n<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t<button\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"scroll-right-button\" \n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-min-w-[44px] bl-pointer-events-auto bl-min-h-[44px] bl-h-full bl-my-auto \n\t\t\t\tbl-text-identity-black dark:bl-text-pure-white\n\t\t\t\tdisabled:bl-text-disabled hover:disabled:bl-text-disabled \n\t\t\t\tdark:disabled:bl-text-disabled dark:hover:disabled:bl-text-disabled\n\t\t\t\tdisabled:bl-cursor-not-allowed\n\t\t\t\thover:bl-text-identity-blue-80 dark:hover:bl-text-identity-yellow-40\n\t\t\t\tactive:bl-text-identity-blue dark:active:bl-text-identity-yellow\n\t\t\t\tbl-transition-colors bl-duration-[400ms]\">\n\t\t\t<svg width=\"100%\" viewBox=\"0 0 35 50\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"\n\taria-label=\"chevron-right\" class=\"bl-inline bl-h-[40px] bl-w-auto\" role=\"img\">\n\t<title>chevron-right<\/title>\n\t<path d=\"M5.00012 5L25.6062 25.0002L5.00012 45\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"12\" \/>\n<\/svg>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\n\t\t<div class=\"bl-flex-1 bl-mt-[30px] @md\/tab-block:bl-mt-[50px] \">\n\t\t\t\n<div\n\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\tdata-tab-part=\"tabs-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"0\"\n\t\t\tid=\"protons\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{H^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}H_{2}}\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\" style=\"font-weight:bold\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{H^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}H_{2}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below you can find <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values at standard conditions (i.e. <math data-latex=\"a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) for a variety of solvents. They are based on Gibbs transfer energies of the proton <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, which we determined using our electrochemical <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"362\">ILSB method<\/a>. Details are published <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphc.202500349\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>. The Gibbs hydration energy of the proton <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_2O}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_2O}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> is taken from the literature.<sup>[1]<\/sup> All valus of <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> are given in kJ mol<sup>\u22121<\/sup>, <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{E}_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values are given in V. Note, that the <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{E}_\\mathrm{abs}\u00b0\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_\\mathrm{abs}\u00b0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> deviates from the IUPAC value (4.44 V); the reason is that the latter one is based on <math data-latex=\"\\alpha\"><semantics><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\alpha<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> instead of <math data-latex=\"\\mu\"><semantics><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mu<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-9-no-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-9\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">S<\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{pH}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc29<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{pH}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-5\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{pH}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc29<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{pH}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-6\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{\\Delta}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{solv}}}\\boldsymbol{G}\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{{^\\circ}}}\\boldsymbol{\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}}\\right)}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udeab<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc28<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2f<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc6e<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo style=\"font-weight:bold\">\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{\\Delta}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{solv}}}\\boldsymbol{G}\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{{^\\circ}}}\\boldsymbol{\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{S}}\\right)}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-7\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{\\Delta}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{tr}}}\\boldsymbol{G}\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{{^\\circ}}}\\boldsymbol{\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}}\\right)}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udeab<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc2d<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2b<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc6e<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo style=\"font-weight:bold\">\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{\\Delta}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{tr}}}\\boldsymbol{G}\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{{^\\circ}}}\\boldsymbol{\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}}\\right)}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.000<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.28<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">  0.0<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">193.5<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u22121104.5<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">0.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.07<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.34<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22121.2<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">192.3<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u22121097.8<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">6.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.08<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.36<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22121.3<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">192.2<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u22121096.8<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">7.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeFo<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.35<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.62<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22125.8<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">187.7<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u22121071.2<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">33.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.50<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.78<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22128.5<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">185.0<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u22121056.0<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">48.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/unified-acidity\/#super-acids\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.50<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.78<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u221225.9<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">167.6<\/td><td class=\"column-6\">\u2212956.7<\/td><td class=\"column-7\">147.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jp982638r\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M. D. Tissandier, K. A. Cowen, W. Y. Feng, E. Gundlach, M. H. Cohen, A. D. Earhart, J. V. Coe, T. R. Tuttle, <em>J. Phys. Chem. A<\/em> <strong>1998<\/strong>, <em>102<\/em>, 7787.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"1\"\n\t\t\tid=\"silver-ions\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{Ag^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}Ag}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\" style=\"font-weight:bold\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{Ag^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}Ag}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below you can find <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values (given in V) at standard conditions (i.e. <math data-latex=\"a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{Ag}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Ag<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{Ag}^{+},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) for a variety of solvents. They are based on Gibbs transfer energies of the silver ion <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Ag}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Ag<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Ag}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, which we determined using our electrochemical <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"362\">ILSB method<\/a>. Details are published <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.202200509\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a> and (together with <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Cl<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values) <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.202300609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-10-no-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-10\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">S<\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc12<\/mi><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.80<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.07<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">  0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.82<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.09<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.84<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.12<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.58<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.86<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>0.73<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.54<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.82<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.96<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.24<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>0.44<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"2\"\n\t\t\tid=\"chloride-ions\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the redox systems <math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{-}}}}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\" style=\"font-weight:bold\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{-}}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{\\mathbf{Cl_{2}}\/Cl^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{-}}}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msub><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\" style=\"font-weight:bold\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{\\mathbf{Cl_{2}}\/Cl^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{-}}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below you can find <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{-}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">g<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mi>\/<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">g<\/mi><\/mrow><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> for a variety of solvents . Further below you can find  <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{Cl_2\/Cl^{-}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{Cl_2\/Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both are valid at standard conditions (i.e. <math data-latex=\"a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Cl<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>). They are based on Gibbs transfer energies of the chloride ion <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Cl<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{Cl}^{-},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, which we determined using our electrochemical <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"362\">ILSB method<\/a>. Details are published <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.202300609\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:37px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc00<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc20<\/mi><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-12-no-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-12\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">S<\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc12<\/mi><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.22<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.50<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">  0.22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u22120.01<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.27<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22120.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.06<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.34<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u22120.29<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">3.99<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>\u22120.14<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u22120.23<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.05<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">\u22120.73  <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">\u22120.22<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">4.05<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>\u22120.74<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:37px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msub><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc02<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc25<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{Cl_2\/Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-13-no-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-13\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">S<\/th><th class=\"column-2\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc12<\/mi><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.36<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.64<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">  1.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.13<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.40<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">1.20<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.48<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">1.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.85<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.13<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>1.00<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.91<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.18<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">0.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">0.91<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">5.19<\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><em>0.39<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"3\"\n\t\t\tid=\"ferrocenium-ions\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathbf{Fc^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}Fc}\"><semantics><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc05<\/mi><msup><mi>\ud835\udc1c<\/mi><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\" style=\"font-weight:bold\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc05<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1c<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathbf{Fc^{\\mathbf{\\boldsymbol{+}}}\\mathbf{\/}Fc}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Coming soon.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"4\"\n\t\t\tid=\"overview-reducity\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the redox systems determined with the <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\">ILSB Method<\/a><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below you can find the overview of our <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{abs}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{abs}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values (given in V) at standard conditions (i.e. <math data-latex=\"a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{i},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mi><\/mrow><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_\\mathrm{S}\\left(\\mathrm{i},\\mathrm{S}\\right)=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) for a variety of solvents. They are based on Gibbs transfer energies of the relevant ion i <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{i},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">i<\/mi><\/mrow><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{i},\\mathrm{H_{2}O\\rightarrow S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, which we determined using our electrochemical <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"362\">ILSB method<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<table id=\"tablepress-14-no-2\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-14\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">redox system<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">S<\/th><th class=\"column-3\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow style=\"font-weight:bold\"><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}^{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}\\boldsymbol{\\,\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-4\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{abs}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th><th class=\"column-5\"><math data-latex=\"\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc12<\/mi><\/msub><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\boldsymbol{E}_{\\mathbf{S}}\\boldsymbol{\u00b0}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-striping row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1.36<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.64<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">  1.36<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1.13<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.40<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1.20<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.48<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">1.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.85<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.13<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>1.00<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.91<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.18<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.41<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub>\/Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.91<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.19<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>0.39<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.22<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.50<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u22120.01<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.27<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22120.08<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.06<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.34<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22120.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u22120.29<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">3.99<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>\u22120.14<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u22120.23<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.05<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22120.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">AgCl\/Ag,Cl<sup>\u2212<\/sup><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">\u22120.22<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.05<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>\u22120.74<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.80<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.07<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.80<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.82<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.09<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.75<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.84<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.12<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">DMF<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.58<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.86<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>0.73<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-18\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.54<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.82<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-19\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\/Ag<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">PC<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.96<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.24<\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><em>0.44<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-20\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.000<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.28<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">0.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-21\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">EtOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.07<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.34<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22121.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-22\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeOH<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.08<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.36<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22121.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-23\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeFo<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.35<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.62<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22125.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-24\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">MeCN<\/td><td class=\"column-3\">0.50<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">4.78<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u22128.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-25\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">H<sup>+<\/sup>\/H<sub>2<\/sub><\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/unified-acidity\/#super-acids\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/a><\/td><td class=\"column-3\">1.50<\/td><td class=\"column-4\">5.78<\/td><td class=\"column-5\">\u221224.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-26\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-27\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-28\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-29\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-30\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-31\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">Fc<sup>+<\/sup>\/Fc<\/td><td class=\"column-2\"><\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><\/td><td class=\"column-4\"><\/td><td class=\"column-5\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"5\"\n\t\t\tid=\"remarks\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Remarks to <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distinction between the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scales (i.e. <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> ) and the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{S}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{S}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scales (i.e. <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{MeCN}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">N<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{MeCN}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}SO_{4}}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>4<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}SO_{4}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, etc.) is the reference state of the electron: For the latter actually no electrons are used explicitly as reference, as the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{H^+}\/\\mathrm{H_2}\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{H^+}\/\\mathrm{H_2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (i.e. the Standard Hydrogen Electrode, <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{SHE_{S}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{SHE_{S}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>) is used, and hence, the ideal dilute proton solution in the solvent S with the relative activity <math data-latex=\"a_\\mathrm{S}(\\mathrm{{H^+},S})=1\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">(<\/mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo form=\"postfix\" stretchy=\"false\">)<\/mo><mo>=<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_\\mathrm{S}(\\mathrm{{H^+},S})=1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>. Therefore, these scales are relative scales only applicable for the solvent under consideration S. As pointed out by Trasatti, different reference states of the electron can be associated to this single electrode. What he called <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{k}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">k<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{k}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"_{3}E_{\\mathrm{a}}^{\\mathrm{M}}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><\/mrow><mn>3<\/mn><\/msub><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">_{3}E_{\\mathrm{a}}^{\\mathrm{M}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, respectively,<sup>[1]<\/sup> is based on the real potential <math data-latex=\"\\alpha\"><semantics><mi>\u03b1<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\alpha<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the proton, and is used by the IUPAC for the definition of the absolute electrode potential for reasons of measurability;<sup>[2]<\/sup> for an annotation click <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#mu-or-alpha\">here<\/a>. The <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, and the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scales are based on the chemical potential <math data-latex=\"\\mu\"><semantics><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mu<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> of the proton, and <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> essentially corresponds to Trasatti\u2019s single electrode potential <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{T}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">T<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{T}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"_{2}E_{\\mathrm{a}}^{\\mathrm{M}}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">M<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">_{2}E_{\\mathrm{a}}^{\\mathrm{M}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, respectively, that can be traced back to Kanevskii.<sup>[3]<\/sup> Thus, the reference state is the ideal electron gas at 298.15 K and 10<math data-latex=\"^{5}\"><semantics><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mn>5<\/mn><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">^{5}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> Pa where the chemical potential of the electron <math data-latex=\"\\mu_{\\mathrm{abs}}\\left(\\mathrm{e}^{-}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mu_{\\mathrm{abs}}\\left(\\mathrm{e}^{-}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> arbitrarily is set to 0 kJ mol<math data-latex=\"^{-1}\"><semantics><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">^{-1}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>. This state is independent on any solvent or medium ensuring the comparability of all values within these scales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The defintion of the pe<sub>abs<\/sub> is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u2212<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"77mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}=-\\frac{\\mu_{\\mathrm{abs}}\\left(\\mathrm{e}^{-}\\right)}{RT\\ln10}\\hspace*{77mm}\\mathsf{rv}1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Usually, the chemical potential of the electron is unknown. Nevertheless, the pe<sub>abs<\/sub> can be calculated. For example, if the electrode reaction of the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{H^+}\/\\mathrm{H_2}\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{H^+}\/\\mathrm{H_2}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> is given as Eq. rv2,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mstyle displaystyle=\"false\" scriptlevel=\"0\"><mfrac><mn>1<\/mn><mn>2<\/mn><\/mfrac><\/mstyle><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u21c4<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">o<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">v<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">g<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"63mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\tfrac{1}{2}\\mathrm{H_{2}\\rightleftarrows H^{+}\\left(solv\\right)+e^{-}}\\left(\\mathrm{g}\\right)\\hspace*{63mm}\\mathsf{rv}2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">the following BFHC belongs to the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scales; at constant pressure and temperature, the absolute chemical potential of the proton equals the Gibbs energy of solvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"438\" height=\"162\" src=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/462\/2026\/03\/grafik.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-887\" style=\"width:472px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/462\/2026\/03\/grafik.png 438w, https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/462\/2026\/03\/grafik-300x111.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 438px) 100vw, 438px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">BFHC associated with the <math data-latex=\"\\mu\"><semantics><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mu<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>-based SHE potential in a solvent S<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It follows at standard conditions (take note of our used <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#standard-states\">standard states<\/a>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mo>=<\/mo><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>at<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>ion<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo separator=\"true\" lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"15mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>3<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\frac{\\Delta_{\\mathrm{e}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+}\/H_{2},S}\\right)}{RT\\ln10}=\\mathrm{pe_{abs}\\left(SHE_{S}\\right)}=\\frac{\\Delta_{\\mathrm{at}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)+\\Delta_{\\mathrm{ion}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)+\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+}\\mathrm{,S}\\right)}{RT\\ln10}\\hspace*{15mm}\\mathsf{rv}3<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Or, since the Gibbs energies of atomization and ionization, <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{at}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>at<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{at}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{ion}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>ion<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{ion}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, respectively, are solvent-independent, at any proton activities and hydrogen pressures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mn>265.8<\/mn><mo>+<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mo>\u2212<\/mo><mfrac><mn>1<\/mn><mn>2<\/mn><\/mfrac><mrow><mi>lg<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><\/mrow><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>p<\/mi><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msup><mn>10<\/mn><mn>5<\/mn><\/msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Pa<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>\u2212<\/mo><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"15mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>4<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pe_{abs}\\left(SHE_{S}\\right)}=265.8+\\frac{\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{\\mathrm{H}^{+},S}\\right)}{RT\\ln10}-\\frac{1}{2}\\lg\\left(\\frac{p\\left(\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right)}{10^{5}\\mathrm{Pa}}\\right)-\\mathrm{pH_{S}}\\hspace*{15mm}\\mathsf{rv}4<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this way any redox system can be implemented into the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale, knowing the relevant Gibbs energies for the processes given in the BFHC. The <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> can be calculated into the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u2212<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mi>F<\/mi><\/mfrac><mo>=<\/mo><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">e<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><mo>\u22c5<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><mi>F<\/mi><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"65mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>5<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_{\\mathrm{abs}}=-\\frac{\\mu_{\\mathrm{abs}}\\left(\\mathrm{e}^{-}\\right)}{F}=\\mathrm{pe_{abs}}\\cdot\\frac{RT\\ln10}{F}\\hspace*{65mm}\\mathsf{rv}5<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As for the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{pH_{abs}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pH_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, we use the value for the Standard Gibbs energy of hydration of the proton obtained by Tissandier et al., <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\right)=-1104.8\\:\\mathrm{kJ\\,mol^{-1}}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u2212<\/mo><mn>1104.8<\/mn><mspace width=\"0.2222em\"><\/mspace><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">k<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">J<\/mi><\/mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">m<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">o<\/mi><\/mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><\/msup><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\right)=-1104.8\\:\\mathrm{kJ\\,mol^{-1}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>.<sup>[4]<\/sup> Thus, an aqueous solution with the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}=0\\:\\mathrm{V}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mn>0<\/mn><mspace width=\"0.2222em\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}=0\\:\\mathrm{V}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> has the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}=4.28\\:\\mathrm{V}\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>=<\/mo><mn>4.28<\/mn><mspace width=\"0.2222em\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">V<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}=4.28\\:\\mathrm{V}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> at 198.15 K. To align the zero point of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale with that of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale, thereby obtaining the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> scale, this value has to be subtracted from the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> value:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>\u2212<\/mo><mfrac><mn>1<\/mn><mi>F<\/mi><\/mfrac><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mn>265.8<\/mn><mo>\u22c5<\/mo><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>solv<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"15mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>6<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}=E_{\\mathrm{abs}}-E_{\\mathrm{abs}}\\left(\\mathrm{SHE_{S}}\\right)=E_{\\mathrm{abs}}-\\frac{1}{F}\\left(265.8\\cdot RT\\ln10\\right)+\\Delta_{\\mathrm{solv}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\right)\\hspace*{15mm}\\mathsf{rv}6<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to the \u201cfamiliarity\u201d of the values (e.g. 0 V vs. 72.3 or 4.28 V, respectively), this has the advantage that if a more reliable value for the Gibbs energy of the proton hydration is available, in a majority of cases it is not required to recalculate the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values. This is the case when the values were determined using Gibbs transfer energy values <math data-latex=\"\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{S}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{S}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> for the transfer of the proton from water to solvent S:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mo>=<\/mo><msub><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mo>+<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">\u0394<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>tr<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><mi>G<\/mi><msup><mrow><\/mrow><mo>\u2218<\/mo><\/msup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mo stretchy=\"false\">\u2192<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><mi>F<\/mi><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"65mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>7<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}=E_{\\mathrm{S}}+\\frac{\\Delta_{\\mathrm{tr}}G{^\\circ}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+},\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\rightarrow\\mathrm{S}\\right)}{F}\\hspace*{65mm}\\mathsf{rv}7<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+}\/\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right)\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+}\/\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right)<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> value is connected to the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{pH_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{pH_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> value:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mo>=<\/mo><mo form=\"prefix\" stretchy=\"false\">\u2212<\/mo><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">p<\/mi><\/mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><\/mrow><mrow><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"prefix\">(<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mn>10<\/mn><\/mrow><mi>F<\/mi><\/mfrac><mo fence=\"true\" form=\"postfix\">)<\/mo><\/mrow><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"30mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcf<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>8<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}\\left(\\mathrm{H}^{+}\/\\mathrm{H}_{2}\\right)=-\\mathrm{pH_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\\left(\\frac{RT\\ln10}{F}\\right)\\hspace*{30mm}\\mathsf{rv}8<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Final note<\/strong>: Since ions are electrically charged they are affected by electric fields. Thus, in principle, one is free to choose a quantity including the energy contribution of the electric field; it is in this way that the IUPAC defines the absolute electrode potential of the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> (see above). Click here for implications if the <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">S<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">E<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{SHE_{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> was  defined with <math data-latex=\"\\mu\"><semantics><mi>\u03bc<\/mi><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mu<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, as done here.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Literature<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] a) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/0022072882851000?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S. Trasatti, <em>J. Electroanal. Chem<\/em>. <strong>1982<\/strong>, <em>139<\/em>, 1<\/a>. b) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/001346869085069Y?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S. Trasatti, <em>Electrochim. Acta<\/em> <strong>1990<\/strong>, <em>35<\/em>, 369<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/publications.iupac.org\/pac\/58\/7\/0955\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">S. Trasatti, <em>Pure Appl. Chem<\/em>. <strong>1986<\/strong>, <em>58<\/em>, 955<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[3] E. Kanevskii, <em>Zh. Fiz. Khim<\/em>. <strong>1948<\/strong>, <em>22<\/em>, 1397.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.acs.org\/doi\/10.1021\/jp982638r\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">M. D. Tissandier, K. A. Cowen, W. Y. Feng, E. Gundlach, M. H. Cohen, A. D. Earhart, J. V. Coe, T. R. Tuttle, <em>J. Phys. Chem. A<\/em> <strong>1998<\/strong>, <em>102<\/em>, 7787.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<section\n\t\t\tdata-tab=\"60ee5325-685d-4a86-a184-48c985132da7\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-part=\"tab-content\"\n\t\t\tdata-tab-index=\"6\"\n\t\t\tid=\"calculate\"\n\t\t\tclass=\"bl-hidden is-layout-flow bl-scroll-m-[154px] @md\/tab-block:bl-scroll-m-[118px] first:*:bl-mt-0\"\n\t\t\taria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Calculation of <math data-latex=\"\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>\ud835\udc6c<\/mi><mrow><mi>\ud835\udc1a<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc1b<\/mi><mi>\ud835\udc2c<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mi>\ud835\udc07<\/mi><mn>\ud835\udfd0<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\ud835\udc0e<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{\\boldsymbol{E}}_{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{abs}}}^{\\mathrm{\\mathbf{H_{2}O}}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To get other <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}\"><semantics><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">a<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">b<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">s<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{\\mathit{E}_{abs}^{H_{2}O}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values in the solvent S than at standard conditions, use the Nernst Equation as you are accustomed to, e.g. with Eq. cr1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-math\"><math display=\"block\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mo>=<\/mo><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><mo>+<\/mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>R<\/mi><mi>T<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi>n<\/mi><mi>F<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0.2778em\"><\/mspace><mrow><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>ln<\/mi><mo>\u2061<\/mo><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><\/mrow><mfrac><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>ox<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>red<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><\/mfrac><mspace width=\"0pt\" height=\"0pt\"><\/mspace><mspace width=\"15mm\"><\/mspace><mrow><mi>\ud835\uddbc<\/mi><mi>\ud835\uddcb<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>1<\/mn><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}=\\mathit{E}_{\\mathrm{abs}}^{\\mathrm{H_{2}O}}\\,\u00b0+\\frac{RT}{nF}\\;\\ln\\frac{a_{\\mathrm{ox}}}{a_\\mathrm{red}}\n\\hspace*{15mm}\\mathsf{cr}1<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Find <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/unified-reducity\/#overview-reducity\">here <\/a>the <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\,\u00b0\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\,\u00b0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values for the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{H}^+\/\\mathrm{H}_2\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{H}^+\/\\mathrm{H}_2<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, for the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{Ag}^+\/\\mathrm{Ag}\"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Ag<\/mi><\/mrow><mo>+<\/mo><\/msup><mi>\/<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>Ag<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{Ag}^+\/\\mathrm{Ag}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, for the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{-}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">g<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mi>\/<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">A<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">g<\/mi><\/mrow><mo separator=\"true\">,<\/mo><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{AgCl\/Ag,Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>, and for the redox system <math data-latex=\"\\mathrm{Cl_2\/Cl^{-}}\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mi>\/<\/mi><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">C<\/mi><\/mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">l<\/mi><\/mrow><mo lspace=\"0em\" rspace=\"0em\">\u2212<\/mo><\/msup><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">\\mathrm{Cl_2\/Cl^{-}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math>. Click <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/coming-soon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a> for <math data-latex=\"E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\,\u00b0\"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>E<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>abs<\/mi><\/mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">H<\/mi><\/mrow><mn>2<\/mn><\/msub><mrow><mi mathvariant=\"normal\">O<\/mi><\/mrow><\/mrow><\/msubsup><mspace width=\"0.1667em\"><\/mspace><mi>\u00b0<\/mi><\/mrow><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">E_\\mathrm{{abs}}^\\mathrm{H_{2}O}\\,\u00b0<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> values of redox systems that we have not determined with our <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#ilsb-method\">ILSB method<\/a>. <math data-latex=\"a_{\\mathrm{ox}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>ox<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_{\\mathrm{ox}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> and <math data-latex=\"a_{\\mathrm{red}}\"><semantics><msub><mi>a<\/mi><mrow><mtext><\/mtext><mi>red<\/mi><\/mrow><\/msub><annotation encoding=\"application\/x-tex\">a_{\\mathrm{red}}<\/annotation><\/semantics><\/math> are the relative activity coefficients of the deelectronated and electronated form of the redox system. <em>R<\/em>, <em>T<\/em>, <em>n<\/em>, and <em>F<\/em> have their <a href=\"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/useful-information\/#glossary\">usual meaning<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1129,"featured_media":0,"parent":167,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_trash_the_other_posts":false,"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-350","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/350","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1129"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=350"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/350\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2153,"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/350\/revisions\/2153"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/167"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/uni-freiburg.de\/ppm\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=350"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}