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Research

We design scenarios for sustainable futures and feed them into material cycle models that tell us how human needs drive energy and material use and the environmental impacts associated with material production and energy supply. We want to understand how human needs satisfaction can effectively be decoupled from environmental impacts by quantifying the economy-wide impact of different policy measures, such as resource efficiency strategies (circular economy), regulatory measures, economic incentives, urban forms, different levels of societal inequality, and sufficiency strategies.

The scope of our work covers the distribution of service consumption across societal groups, the transformation of the built environment and the services it provides, the circular economy of mass materials (steel, concrete, wood, plastics, copper), and the calculation of major footprints (energy, materials, GHG, water, land). Our research is part of the cross-disciplinary fields industrial ecology and socio-metabolic research.

Our research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the sustainability potential of the different supply and demand-side strategies for sustainability. Our scenarios help identify effective policy levers for decoupling human wellbeing from resource use and environmental destruction.

To disseminate the results of our work to a wide audience, including policy makers, consultants, industry organisations, NGOs, the general public, and the global scientific community, we maintain an Open Science Portal  with a blog, a database of our research results, information on our models, extensive educational material, and interactive visualization tools. The publications of the members of our group show the different case studies, concept developments, and collaborations that we are part of.

Our group members are active in different roles in the International Society for Industrial Ecology  (ISIE), our global network of researchers. Open positions in our group are published on the ISIE job board.

Current activities and projects

Future Forests

We are involved in the Cluster of Excellence “Future Forests – Adapting Complex Social-ecological Forest Systems to Global Change”. This major research platform starts in 2026 and involves more than 50 researchers. Our contribution focusses on formulating scenarios and pathways for future uses of wood in different applications, from long-lived timber products to innovative wood products such as black carbon for batteries. Our goal is to understand the potential climate benefit of these wood applications and under which economic and political condition this benefit can be realized.

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SOUVERÄN – Resource efficency and circular economy in the energy transition

The project aims to describe the life cycles and supply chains of key energy transition technologies (photovoltaics, wind power, electrolysis, and battery technologies) and develop transformation pathways for the EU energy system through detailed scientific analyses involving relevant stakeholders from industry and business. The aim is to ensure that the transformation pathways meet multiple sustainability criteria in terms of GHG emissions, circular economy, and transformation costs.

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CIRCOMOD – EU-funded project on Circular Economy Modelling for Climate Change Mitigation

A big share of all greenhouse gas emissions come from the way we produce and consume materials. Circular economy aims at reducing natural resource inputs and losses in production and promoting recycling, longer use of products via better design, repair, and remanufacturing. The current scientific models and scenarios for policy making do not include circular economy options. CIRCOMOD will develop a new generation of models that will address this gap.

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Key publications

Decent living standards, prosperity, and excessive consumption in the Lorenz curve

A new model developed by Stefan Pauliuk calculates sustainable consumption corridors based on decent living standards and the acceptable maximum under ecological ceilings, while still allowing for reasonable levels of inequality and ample prosperous consumption. Based on the insight that decent living standards constrain the slope of the Lorenz curve for the lowest decile, this simple model determines total consumption from only three factors: per capita decent living standards, the Gini coefficient of inequality, and population. With a constraint on maximum acceptable living standards, overall consumption splits into three components: basic needs satisfaction, prosperous consumption, and excessive consumption. Based on this finding, we call upon the research community to assess the inequality of physical stock and flow indicators related to human wellbeing, identify suitable physical wellbeing measures, and extend the debate on desirable levels of inequality to physical socio-metabolic indicators.

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Material Requirements of Decent Living Standards

Decent living standards (DLS) provide a framework to estimate a practical threshold for the energy, GHG, and material consumption required to alleviate poverty. Dr. Johan Vélez quantified the amount of materials in stocks and flows needed to provide a DLS, and finds that a material footprint (MF) of about 6 t/(cap*yr) and in-use stocks of about 43 t/cap are required. Nutrition (39%) and mobility (26%) contribute the most to total MF. Buildings and infrastructure account for the largest share of in-use stocks. Read the publication (Vélez and Pauliuk 2023) here:

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Resource and Emission Savings from Material Efficiency

Material production accounts for a quarter of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We present a global-scale analysis of material efficiency for passenger vehicles and residential buildings. We estimate future changes in material flows and energy use due to increased yields, light design, material substitution, extended service life, and increased service efficiency, reuse, and recycling. Together, these strategies can reduce cumulative global GHG emissions until 2050 by 20–52 Gt CO2-eq (residential buildings) and 13–26 Gt CO2e-eq (passenger vehicles), depending on policy assumptions. Next to energy efficiency and low-carbon energy supply, material efficiency is the third pillar of deep decarbonization for these sectors. Read the publication (Pauliuk et al. 2021) here:

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See all publications of our group

Visit our Open Science Portal

Freiburg Open Science Portal for Industrial Ecology and Socio-Metabolic Research

Our group maintains an Open Science Portal  with a blog, a database of our field’s research results, information on our models, extensive educational material, and interactive visualization tools.

https://www.industrialecology.uni-freiburg.de/